What characteristic defines radial vaults?

Radial vaults are characterized by their ability to effectively distribute weight evenly across a surface. This structural design allows for the even transfer of weight from the vault to the supporting elements below it, such as walls or columns. Radial vaults are typically shaped like a dome or have a fan-like appearance, where the ribs radiate out from a central point. This distribution of weight is essential in architectural design, as it helps prevent structural stress or failure by ensuring that no single area bears an excessive load.

The other options do not correctly describe the fundamental nature of radial vaults. For instance, while some vault systems may create specific patterns, such as hexagonal shapes, this feature does not define the structural purpose of radial vaults. Likewise, although radial vaults can be seen as a type of arch system, their defining feature is more closely associated with the distribution of weight rather than merely being classified as supportive arches. Lastly, while it is true that some vaults can be decorative, the primary purpose of radial vaults is functional in ensuring stability and strength across the architectural structure.